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Cervical Cancer in Women: Diagnosis, Care & Recovery

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Cervical Cancer

Diagnosis, Care & Recovery

Cervical cancer is a serious disease that affects the cervix, the lower part of a woman’s uterus. It is a major health concern for women, especially in India.

But here is the most important thing to know: cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable types of cancer. Most cases of this cancer are caused by a common virus called HPV (Human Papillomavirus). Because we know the cause, we can take steps to prevent it. Regular check-ups and screening tests are crucial for early detection and can save lives. This guide will explain everything you need to know in simple terms.

What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer starts in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It usually begins when a woman gets an infection from a virus called HPV (human papillomavirus). If the infection stays for a long time, it can cause changes in the cells that may turn into cancer. Regular tests like the Pap test or HPV test can find these changes early, before they become dangerous.
Long ago, people didn’t know much about this cancer. But in the 1900s, a doctor named Dr. George Papanicolaou invented the Pap test, which helped doctors find cervical cancer early. Later, scientists found out that HPV causes most cases of cervical cancer. Now, there are vaccines that protect against HPV. These vaccines, along with regular tests, can stop many women from getting cervical cancer, especially in places like India where awareness is still growing.

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Types of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer starts in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus (womb). There are different types of cervical cancer, depending on the kind of cells that become cancerous. Here are the main types:

⦿ Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This is the most common type of cervical cancer. It starts in the squamous cells, which are flat cells that cover the surface of the cervix.

⦿ Adenocarcinoma: This type of cancer starts in the glandular cells of the cervix. These cells make mucus.

⦿ Adenosquamous Carcinoma: This is a mixed type of cancer. It has both squamous and glandular cell features.

⦿ Small Cell Carcinoma: This is a rare and fast-growing type of cervical cancer. It starts in small, round cells.
Types of Cervical Cancer

Early Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

It’s important to know the early signs of cervical cancer. Catching it early can make treatment more effective. Here are some common and advanced symptoms to watch out for.
  • Common Symptoms
Blood in Urine

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding

This means bleeding that is not normal for you.
⦿ Between Periods: Bleeding between your regular periods.
⦿ After Intercourse: Bleeding after you have sex.
⦿ After Menopause: Any bleeding after you’ve gone through menopause (when your periods stop).
Unusual Vaginal Discharge

Unusual Vaginal Discharge

Changes in your vaginal discharge.
⦿ Color Changes: Discharge that is a different color than usual.
⦿ Odor Changes: Discharge that has a bad smell.
⦿ Consistency Changes: Discharge that is thicker or thinner than normal.
Pelvic Pain

Pelvic Pain

Pain in your lower belly.
Pain During Intercourse (Dyspareunia)

Pain During Intercourse (Dyspareunia)

Pain when you have sex.
  • Advanced Symptoms
Swelling in Ankles and Legs

Leg Pain

Pain in one or both legs.
Swelling in Legs

Swelling in Legs

Swelling in your legs or ankles.
Weight Loss

Weight Loss

Losing weight without trying.
Fatigue

Fatigue

Feeling very tired all the time.

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Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer

Knowing the risk factors for cervical cancer can help you understand your chances of getting it. Some risk factors you can change, and some you can’t.
Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
  • Key Risk Factors

These are things that can increase your risk of getting cervical cancer.

⦿ HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Infection: The Primary Cause: HPV is a common virus that spreads through sexual contact. It is the main cause of cervical cancer.

⦿ Smoking: Increases Risk Significantly: Smoking makes you much more likely to get cervical cancer. Quitting smoking can lower your risk.

⦿ Weakened Immune System: If your immune system is weak, you are more likely to get cervical cancer. This can happen if you have HIV/AIDS or take drugs that suppress your immune system.

⦿ Multiple Sexual Partners: Having many sexual partners increases your risk of getting HPV.

⦿ Early Sexual Activity: Before Age 18: Starting to have sex before age 18 increases your risk of getting HPV.

⦿ History of STIs: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea: Having other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can increase your risk of getting HPV.

⦿ Long-Term Use of Oral Contraceptives: Using birth control pills for a long time may slightly increase your risk.

  • Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
These are things you can’t change.

⦿ Family History: Genetic Predisposition: If you have family members who had cervical cancer, your risk might be higher. Some genes can also increase your risk.

⦿ Age: Cervical cancer is most common between the ages of 30 and 50.

⦿ Race/Ethnicity: Cervical cancer is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups.

How is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed?

If your doctor thinks you might have cervical cancer, they will do some tests. These tests help find out if there are any abnormal cells and if cancer is present. Here’s what you can expect during the diagnosis.
  • Diagnostic Tests
How is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed
  • Pap Smear: Screening for Abnormal Cells
A Pap smear is a test where cells are collected from the surface of the cervix and checked under a microscope for any abnormalities. It’s a screening test to find early changes.
  • HPV Test: Detects High-Risk HPV Types
An HPV test checks for the presence of high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause cervical cancer. This test is often done along with a Pap smear.
  • Colposcopy: Visual Examination of the Cervix
If the Pap smear shows abnormal cells, a colposcopy is done. A colposcope is a special magnifying instrument used to examine the cervix closely.
  • Biopsy: Confirming Cancer Cells
During a colposcopy, if any suspicious areas are seen, a biopsy is taken. A biopsy involves removing a small piece of tissue, which is then examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells. This is the only way to confirm if cancer is present.
  • Imaging Tests: MRI, CT Scan, PET Scan

If cancer is diagnosed, imaging tests may be done to see if the cancer has spread.

⦿ MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnets and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the body.

⦿ CT Scan (computed tomography) uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images.

⦿ PET Scan (positron emission tomography) uses a radioactive substance to look for cancer cells in the body.

Treatment Options for Cervical Cancer

There are several ways to treat cervical cancer. The best treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, your overall health, and your preferences.
  • Surgical Treatments

Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP): Removing Abnormal Tissue

Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)
LEEP uses a thin, heated wire loop to remove abnormal tissue from the cervix. It’s often used for treating precancerous conditions.

Cone Biopsy: Removing a Cone-Shaped Piece of Cervical Tissue

Cone Biopsy
A cone biopsy involves removing a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix. This is done to remove abnormal tissue and can also be used to diagnose cancer.

Hysterectomy: Removing the Uterus

Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. It may be done if the cancer is more advanced.

Radical Trachelectomy: Fertility-Sparing Surgery

Radical Trachelectomy
Radical trachelectomy involves removing the cervix and nearby tissues, but leaving the uterus in place. This can be an option for women who want to preserve their fertility.

Pelvic Exenteration: Removing the Cervix, Uterus, Vagina, and Other Organs

Pelvic_Exenteration
Pelvic exenteration is a more extensive surgery that involves removing the cervix, uterus, vagina, and sometimes other organs like the bladder or rectum. It’s done in advanced cases.
  • Non-Surgical Treatments

Radiation Therapy: External Beam vs. Brachytherapy

Radiation Therapy Using High-Energy Rays

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
⦿ External beam radiation comes from a machine outside the body.

⦿ Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive material directly into the tumor.

Chemotherapy: Systemic Treatment

Chemotherapy Fighting Cancer with Medicine
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It’s often used in combination with radiation therapy.

Targeted Therapy: Blocking Cancer Growth

Targeted_Therapy
Targeted therapy uses drugs that target specific parts of cancer cells to stop them from growing

Immunotherapy: Boosting the Immune System

Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy helps your body’s immune system fight cancer cells. It can be used in some cases of advanced cervical cancer.
  • Comparison of Surgical vs Non-Surgical Treatments for Cervical Cancer
This table compares two main treatment approaches for cervical cancer—surgical and non-surgical (chemotherapy or radiation). It helps patients and families understand the differences and choose the right option.
Surgical vs Non-Surgical Treatment Comparison
Parameter Surgical Treatment Non-Surgical Treatment
Treatment Method Cancer is removed from the body through an operation Treatment using chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination of both
When It Is Used In early stages (Stage I–IIA) when cancer is limited to the cervix In advanced stages (IIB and beyond) or when surgery is not feasible
Advantages Cancer is removed completely; treatment duration is usually shorter Uterus may be preserved; no surgical risks; more options available
Risks / Side Effects Bleeding, infection, anesthesia-related risks Fatigue, hair loss, nausea, mouth ulcers, longer treatment time
Effect on Fertility Pregnancy is not possible after uterus removal Fertility may be preserved in some early-stage cases
Risk of Recurrence Generally lower in well-selected cases Depends on cancer stage and response to treatment

Preventing Cervical Cancer

There are effective ways to reduce your risk of developing cervical cancer. These strategies include primary prevention, which aims to prevent HPV infection, and secondary prevention, which focuses on early detection and treatment of abnormal cells.
  • Primary Prevention

⦿ HPV Vaccination: Recommended Ages and Benefits: The HPV vaccine protects against the types of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause most cervical cancers. It is recommended for girls and boys, ideally before they become sexually active. The vaccine is most effective when given at younger ages.

⦿ Delaying Sexual Activity: Reducing HPV Exposure: Delaying the start of sexual activity can reduce the risk of HPV exposure, as HPV is primarily transmitted through sexual contact.

⦿ Limiting Sexual Partners: Limiting the number of sexual partners can decrease the risk of HPV infection. The more partners you have, the higher the chance of contracting HPV.

Preventing Cervical Cancer
  • Secondary Prevention

⦿ Regular Pap Smears: Starting at Age 21: Regular Pap smears are crucial for detecting abnormal cells in the cervix before they turn into cancer. It is generally recommended to start Pap smears at age 21, regardless of when you become sexually active.

⦿ HPV Testing: Guidelines and Recommendations: HPV testing can be done along with or instead of Pap smears, depending on your age and medical history. Guidelines vary, so talk to your doctor about the best screening schedule for you.

⦿ Follow-Up Care for Abnormal Results: If a Pap smear or HPV test comes back with abnormal results, it is important to follow up with your doctor for further evaluation and treatment, if necessary. This may include a colposcopy and biopsy.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is cervical cancer, and where does it start?

Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It's usually caused by persistent infection with certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Early detection through screening can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

What are the main causes and risk factors for cervical cancer?

The primary cause is HPV infection, often spread through sexual contact. Other risk factors include smoking, having multiple sexual partners, a weakened immune system, and not getting regular Pap tests.

What are the common symptoms of cervical cancer?

Early-stage cervical cancer often has no symptoms. As it progresses, you might experience unusual vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause. Other symptoms include pelvic pain and painful intercourse.

How is cervical cancer usually diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves a Pap test to detect abnormal cells and an HPV test to check for the presence of high-risk HPV types. If these tests show abnormalities, a colposcopy (a closer examination of the cervix) and biopsy may be performed.

What are the different stages of cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is staged from 0 to IV. Stage 0 means the cancer is only on the surface of the cervix, while Stage IV indicates it has spread to distant organs. Staging helps determine the best treatment approach.

What are the primary treatment options available for cervical cancer?

Treatment options include surgery to remove the cancerous tissue or the uterus (hysterectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The choice of treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, your overall health, and your preferences.

Can cervical cancer be cured, and what factors affect the chances of a cure?

Yes, cervical cancer is often curable, especially when detected early. Factors affecting the chances of a cure include the stage of the cancer, the type of cancer cells, and your overall health.

How can cervical cancer be prevented?

The most effective prevention methods are HPV vaccination and regular cervical cancer screening (Pap tests). Practicing safe sex, avoiding smoking, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also reduce your risk.

What should I expect during and after cervical cancer treatment in terms of side effects and recovery?

Side effects vary depending on the treatment but can include fatigue, nausea, and changes in bowel and bladder function. Recovery involves regular follow-up appointments, managing side effects, and monitoring for any recurrence.

Where can I get vaccinated against HPV in India?

HPV vaccines are available at many hospitals, clinics, and healthcare centers throughout India. Consult with your doctor to determine the best vaccination schedule for you or your children.
Dr Swati Shah

Written by

Dr. Swati Shah

MS, DrNB (Surgical Oncology)

Dr. Swati Shah is a Robotic Uro and Gynecological Cancer Surgeon in Ahmedabad.

Dr Harsh Shah - Robotic Cancer Surgeon

Reviewed by

Dr. Harsh Shah

MS, MCh (G I cancer Surgeon)

Dr. Harsh Shah is a renowned GI and HPB Robotic Cancer Surgeon in Ahmedabad.

Last Updated on 2 months by Dr Harsh & Swati Shah
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