Blood AFP Level: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein that can be elevated in the blood of some patients with liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer. High levels of AFP can be suggestive of liver cancer, but not all liver cancers produce significant increases in AFP, and elevated AFP can sometimes occur in other conditions.

USG Abdomen (Ultrasound Scan): This is often the first imaging test used if liver cancer is suspected, primarily because it’s non-invasive, widely available, and relatively inexpensive. An ultrasound can help identify abnormal growths or tumors in the liver and guide further diagnostic procedures, such as biopsies.

PET-CT Scan: A PET-CT scan combines positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) imaging to produce more detailed images. This scan can show the metabolic activity of cells and detailed anatomy, helping to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. It’s particularly useful in determining whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) beyond the liver to other parts of the body.

CT Scan: This scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of the body and is more detailed than an ultrasound. A CT scan can assess the number, size, and exact location of tumors in the liver, and it can also help evaluate whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other areas. Contrast-enhanced CT scans can provide additional detail by highlighting the vascular structures of the liver, which is important for surgical planning.

Major Liver Resections: This involves removing a large portion of the liver, typically one of the larger lobes. This type of surgery is considered when the tumor is large or when it involves major blood vessels of the liver. The remaining liver tissue must be healthy enough to function post-operation, as the liver has the ability to regenerate.

Minor Liver Resections: This surgery involves removing smaller, less extensive sections of the liver. It’s used for smaller tumors that are well-circumscribed and are located in parts of the liver that make them easier to remove. Like major resections, this also relies on the liver’s ability to regenerate.

RFA (Radiofrequency Ablation): RFA uses high-frequency electrical currents to destroy cancer cells, typically through a needle inserted directly into the tumor. It is most effective for small or early-stage tumors and can be an option for patients who might not be candidates for surgery. This method is less invasive and can sometimes be done without staying in the hospital.

TACE (Transarterial Chemoembolization): This is a targeted therapy used primarily for larger tumors or when surgery is not an option. TACE delivers chemotherapy directly to the liver tumor and blocks its blood supply. The chemotherapy is injected through a catheter placed in the artery supplying the tumor, and an embolic agent is then used to block the artery. This starves the tumor of nutrients and oxygen while confining the chemotherapy to the tumor, minimizing systemic effects.