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A Simple Blood Test May Help Detect Esophageal Cancer Early

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A machine-learning informed circulating microbial DNA signature for early diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma.DOI 10.108019490976.2025.2604334

Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that’s becoming more common, especially in developed countries. It often starts with problems like acid reflux (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus, or high-grade dysplasia. Finding these early changes can help stop cancer before it begins.

This new study looked at a way to find signs of cancer in the blood. The test checks for tiny pieces of DNA from microbes (cmDNA) that can be found in people with esophageal cancer or pre-cancer. These tiny DNA changes are not from human cells—they come from bacteria in the body.

Researchers found a group of six microbial DNA markers that were often present in people with cancer or pre-cancer. They used a computer model to study how well this group of markers could tell who had cancer and who didn’t. In early tests, the model was right about 9 out of 10 times.

This test uses just a small blood sample. It could help doctors find cancer earlier—when it’s easier to treat.

This test is not ready for hospitals yet, but the results are promising. A simple blood test might one day help find esophageal cancer early, before it causes serious problems.

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